分散効果の生起過程の解明 ---再活性化説の実験とシミュレーションによる検証---
Exploring the cause of spacing effects: A test of a reactivation theory by experiments and simulations
水野 りか MIZUNO RIka
Vol.4, No.2 (June 1997), pp.20-38.
Received 1996/10/8, accepted 1997/3/28.
ABSTRACT:
This research proposes and tests a reactivation theory of spacing effects
which assumes them to be caused by the reactivation of representations whose
activation levels have decayed within spaces, and recall rates to increase as
the amounts of the reactivation increase. According to this theory,
therefore, recall rates are supposed to increase sharply when the spaces are
small enough for the representations formed at the first presentation to
remain in working memory because their activation would decay rapidly and, on
the contrary, the amount of reactivation at the second presentation would
increase rapidly. They also are supposed to be rather high and stable when
the spaces are large enough for the representations to be transferred to and
consolidate in long-term memory because their activation levels there would
be relatively low and stable and the amount of reactivation would be
relatively high and stable. Two experiments and two simulation were
conducted to test this theory. In Experiment 1, recall rates at various
spaces and presentation times were examined, using two-digit numbers for
stimuli on which encoding variability should have little effect and the
effects of spaces themselves should be clear, and the results were
consistent with most of the suppositions above. In Simulation 1, a
simulation model of the reactivation theory was made on the experimental
data and a simulation was conducted to find the estimated recall rates
approximated to the measured recall rates in Experiment 1. In Simulation 2,
recall rates on various expanding space conditions in three-times
presentation were predicted. Then in Experiment 2, recall rates on the same
conditions with those in Simulation 2 were measured to find they are very
close to the predictions in Simulation 2. Finally, this theory was applied
to explain several previous inconsistent experimental results found under the
other theories of spacing effects.
keywords：
分散効果 spacing effects,
再活性化 reactivation,
活性度の減衰 activation decay,
作業記憶 working memory,
長期記憶 long-term memory
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